In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive POWER dispatch method in a wind-integrated POWER system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive POWER generation and active POWER LOSS. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive POWER resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Purpose: To report visual and anatomical outcome of flap LOSS after LASIK surgery for correction of high myopia. Materials & Methods: Retrospective evaluation of flap LOSS in two eyes of two patients, a rare complication of LASIK Surgery. Case No. 1: 27 y/o woman with Ref. OD -9.75; 2.75*177 VA. CC: 20/60 KR OD: 41.86*77 39.86 * 168 & partial amblyopia due to anisometropia. Case No. 2: 38 y/o woman with Ref OD. -9.50 1.0*177 VA CC: 20/30 KR OD: 42.06*77 40.99 * 167. Results: In both patients during LASIK surgery free cap complication occurred and after Laser therapy free cap positioned over the stromal bed, but the next day after operation flaps were lost. For case NO.1only medical management performed and after 4.5 years F/U cornea has 2° central haziness. For case NO.2 another corneal flap from donor globe cut and sutured with Nylon 10/0 and after 18 months F/U cornea is clear. Conclusion: In patients with flat keratometry less than 41.0 Diopter rate of free cap are high and after laser therapy for high myopia the keratometry became more flat. If surgeon doesn't suture flap the rate of flap LOSS increase so for prevent of corneal haziness and corneal ectazia this evaluation suppose to perform donor corneal flap graft.      

This work presents Amplified Black Hole Algorithm (ABHA) for solving optimal reactive POWER problem. In the projected approach ABHA, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is merged with Black Hole Algorithm (BHA). POWER LOSS reduction is the key objective in the proposed work. The gravitational force between stars and the progression of stars to the black hole is attuned while explore the solution space. Assumption made that heavy objects are stars in a gravitational system, which become black holes and the exploitation of GSA is enhanced. During the progression of the projected algorithm, the radius of the black hole diminishes and more objects are included, which assist to stop early convergence. To improve the exploration and exploitation, stars gravity information has been utilized. During the progression of the projected algorithm, the radius of the black hole diminishes, and more objects are included, which assist to stop early convergence. Some of the most excellent objects turn out to be the black hole, affect other objects by their sturdy gravity. The other objects are alienated into two groups: Heavy agents and light agents. Proposed ABHA has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30, 57, 118, 300 bus test systems and simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real POWER LOSS comprehensively.

This paper presents Augmented Monkey Optimization Algorithm (AMOA) applied to solve optimal reactive POWER problem. Communal behaviour of monkeys has been utilized to model the algorithm. Normally, group monkeys assess the distance from the source to food for foraging behaviour. Local leader renews its most excellent location inside the group, when the food source is not rationalized then the group will start probing in different directions for the food sources. Two most important control parameters are Global Leader Limit (GLlimit) and Local Leader Limit (LLlimit) which give appropriate way to global and local leaders correspondingly. Levy flight has been intermingled in the algorithm to enhance the search ability. Proposed AMOA accelerates the exploitation ability that has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30, 57, 118, 300 bus test systems. The simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real POWER LOSS comprehensively.

This paper addresses a new concept for determining the LOSS quota of any transaction and any participant entity in a multilateral open access POWER system. This new concept, which is based on the incremental transmission LOSS allocation (ITLA) technique, is proposed for application on multilateral open access POWER systems. This method considers trader entities that have no analogy in the electrical network and classic ITLA for which load flow study could not be applied. Using Optimal POWER Flow (OPF) in the proposed method overcomes the problem of dependency of the final decision to the slack bus selection, which is the worst disadvantage of the ITLA method. The proposed approach is tested on IEEE RTS 24-bus network with satisfactory results.

Acridoidea Stirred Artificial Bee Colony (ASA) Algorithm is applied to solve the POWER LOSS reduction problem. In the projected algorithm natural Acridoidea jumping phenomenon has been imitated and the modeled design has been intermingled with Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm. In the proposed algorithm position update has been done through the distance of jumping done by Acridoidea. The distance (D) is horizontal (h) with angle (θ ), velocity (V) parameter amplifying the rate which based on the gravity of Ballistic projectile. Normally the angle will be 45◦ horizontal and it depends on the take-off velocity. ASA Algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 57 bus test system and results show that the proposed ASA algorithm reduced the real POWER LOSS effectively.

Owing to current status of global energy consumption and greenhouse gases emission, investigation of energy demand in different sectors seems to be necessary. Meanwhile, International Energy Agency  reports imply that a considerable share of global energy use is consumed in transport sector. Thus, conducting the vehicle energy demand and influential parameters has become a demanding topic, especially in recent years. The current study investigates the vehicle energy demand considering the POWER LOSSes due to tire slip. To achieve this, vehicle resistant POWERs are rewritten by taking the modified tire POWER LOSS into account and after that, two different passenger vehicles are chosen and simulations are performed in three well-known driving cycles. Energy demand of the selected vehicles significantly increases in a more aggressive driving cycle which comprises higher levels of longitudinal acceleration and speed. According to the results, considering the POWER LOSS due to tire slip would improve the calculation accuracy of tire LOSSes up to 6 percent and in case of a more aggressive driving cycle and/or increased resistant forces, energy LOSS due to tire slip would be increased.